α2ß1 Integrin Is Required for Optimal NK Cell Proliferation during Viral Infection but Not for Acquisition of Effector Functions or NK Cell-Mediated Virus Control.

NK cells play an important role in antiviral resistance. The integrin α2, which dimerizes with integrin ß1, distinguishes NK cells from innate lymphoid cells 1 and other leukocytes. Despite its use as an NK cell marker, little is known about the role of α2ß1 in NK cell biology. In this study, we show that in mice α2ß1 deficiency does not alter the balance of NK cell/ innate lymphoid cell 1 generation and slightly decreases the number of NK cells in the bone marrow and spleen without affecting NK cell maturation. NK cells deficient in α2ß1 had no impairment at entering or distributing within the draining lymph node of ectromelia virus (ECTV)-infected mice or at becoming effectors but proliferated poorly in response to ECTV and did not increase in numbers following infection with mouse CMV (MCMV). Still, α2ß1-deficient NK cells efficiently protected from lethal mousepox and controlled MCMV titers in the spleen. Thus, α2ß1 is required for optimal NK cell proliferation but is dispensable for protection against ECTV and MCMV, two well-established models of viral infection in which NK cells are known to be important.

Alpha2beta1 Integrin (VLA-2) Protects Activated Human Effector T Cells From Methotrexate-Induced Apoptosis.

ß1 integrins are critical for T cell migration, survival and costimulation. The integrin α2ß1, which is a receptor for collagen, also named VLA-2, is a major costimulatory pathway of effector T cells and has been implicated in arthritis pathogenesis. Herein, we have examined its ability to promote methotrexate (MTX) resistance by enhancing effector T cells survival. Our results show that attachment of anti-CD3-activated human polarized Th17 cells to collagen but not to fibronectin or laminin led to a significant reduction of MTX-induced apoptosis. The anti-CD3+collagen-rescued cells still produce significant amounts of IL-17 and IFNγ upon their reactivation indicating that their inflammatory nature is preserved. Mechanistically, we found that the prosurvival role of anti-CD3+collagen involves activation of the MTX transporter ABCC1 (ATP Binding Cassette subfamily C Member 1). Finally, the protective effect of collagen/α2ß1 integrin on MTX-induced apoptosis also occurs in memory CD4+ T cells isolated from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients suggesting its clinical relevance. Together these results show that α2ß1 integrin promotes MTX resistance of effector T cells, and suggest that it could contribute to the development of MTX resistance that is seen in RA.

RGD cadherins and α2ß1 integrin in cancer metastasis: A dangerous liaison.

We propose a new cadherin family classification comprising epithelial cadherins (cadherin 17 [CDH17], cadherin 16, VE-cadherin, cadherin 6 and cadherin 20) containing RGD motifs within their sequences. Expression of some RGD cadherins is associated with aggressive forms of cancer during the late stages of metastasis, and CDH17 and VE-cadherin have emerged as critical actors in cancer metastasis. After binding to α2ß1 integrin, these cadherins promote integrin ß1 activation, and thereby cell adhesion, invasion and proliferation, in liver and lung metastasis. Activation of α2ß1 integrin provokes an affinity increase for type IV collagen, a major component of the basement membrane and a critical partner for cell anchoring in liver and other metastatic organs. Activation of α2ß1 integrin by RGD motifs breaks an old paradigm of integrin classification and supports an important role of this integrin in cancer metastasis. Recently, synthetic peptides containing the RGD motif of CDH17 elicited highly specific and selective antibodies that block the ability of CDH17 RGD to activate α2ß1 integrin. These monoclonal antibodies inhibit metastatic colonization in orthotopic mouse models of liver and lung metastasis for colorectal cancer and melanoma, respectively. Hopefully, blocking the cadherin RGD ligand capacity will give us control over the integrin activity in solid tumors metastasis, paving the way for development of new agents of cancer treatment.

The spatial molecular pattern of integrin recognition sites and their immobilization to colloidal nanobeads determine α2ß1 integrin-dependent platelet activation.

Collagen, a strong platelet activator, is recognized by integrin α2ß1 and GPVI. It induces aggregation, if added to suspended platelets, or platelet adhesion if immobilized to a surface. The recombinant non-prolylhydroxylated mini-collagen FC3 triple helix containing one α2ß1 integrin binding site is a tool to specifically study how α2ß1 integrin activates platelet. Whereas soluble FC3 monomers antagonistically block collagen-induced platelet activation, immobilization of several FC3 molecules to an interface or to colloidal nanobeads determines the agonistic action of FC3. Nanopatterning of FC3 reveals that intermolecular distances below 64 nm between α2ß1 integrin binding sites trigger signaling through dot-like clusters of α2ß1 integrin, which are visible in high resolution microscopy with dSTORM. Upon signaling, these integrin clusters increase in numbers per platelet, but retain their individual size. Immobilization of several FC3 to 100 nm-sized nanobeads identifies α2ß1 integrin-triggered signaling in platelets to occur at a twentyfold slower rate than collagen, which activates platelet in a fast integrative signaling via different platelet receptors. As compared to collagen stimulation, FC3-nanobead-triggered signaling cause a significant stronger activation of the protein kinase BTK, a weak and dispensable activation of PDK1, as well as a distinct phosphorylation pattern of PDB/Akt.

Cellular recognition and macropinocytosis-like internalization of nanoparticles targeted to integrin α2ß1.

Targeting nanoparticles to desired intracellular compartments is a major challenge. Integrin-type adhesion receptors are connected to different endocytosis routes in a receptor-specific manner. According to our previous observations, the internalization of an α2ß1-integrin-echovirus-1 complex takes place via a macropinocytosis-like mechanism, suggesting that the receptor could be used to target nanoparticles to this specific entry route. Here, silica-based nanoparticles, carrying monoclonal antibodies against the α2ß1 integrin as address labels, were synthesized. Studies with flow cytometry, atomic force microscopy and confocal microscopy showed the particles to attach to the cell surface via the α2ß1 integrin. Furthermore, quantitative analysis of nanoparticle trafficking inside the cell performed with the BioImageXD software indicated that the particles enter cells via a macropinocytosis-like process and end up in caveolin-1 positive structures. Thus, we suggest that different integrins can guide particles to distinct endocytosis routes and, subsequently, also to specific intracellular compartments. In addition, we show that with the BioImageXD software it is possible to conduct sensitive and complex analyses of the behavior of small fluorescent particles inside cells, using basic confocal microscopy images.

Antibodies against human platelet alloantigens and human leucocyte antigen class 1 in Saudi Arabian multiparous women and multi-transfused patients.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the frequency of alloimmunization against human platelet antigens (HPAs) and human leucocyte antigen class 1 (HLA1) in multiparous women and multi-transfused patients.   METHODS: This prospective study was conducted between January and August 2013, on 50 multiparous women with no history of previous blood transfusion recruited from the Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic, and 50 patients, who received multiple platelet transfusions, recruited from the Hematology/Oncology Ward, King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. RESULTS: The frequency of alloimmunization among multiparous pregnant women was 76%, as follows: 16% against HLA1 only, 8% against HPAs only, 52% against both HPAs and HLA1 antigens. In multi-transfused patients, the rate of alloimmunization was 42% as follows: 2% against HLA1 only, 22% against HPAs only, 18% against both HPAs and HLA1 antigens. The frequency of alloimmunization increases with the number of pregnancies, but not with the number of platelet transfusions. CONCLUSION: Alloimmunization against HPAs and HLA1 is very common among Saudi multiparous women and multi-transfused patients, which encourages the search for the extent of the possible complications in the fetus and newborn and in multitransfused patients and how to prevent their occurrence.

Detection of anti-human platelet antibodies against integrin α2ß1 using cell lines.

BACKGROUND: Antibodies against human platelet antigens (HPA) are a cause of thrombocytopenia. Detection of rare anti-HPA antibodies using platelet preparations is difficult and would be improved by an alternative method that does not require platelets. In the present study, we describe the establishment of cell lines that stably express specific HPA associated with integrin α2ß1 and the application of these cell lines for detecting anti-HPA-5a and anti-HPA-5b antibodies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Complementary DNA of the integrin α2 variants HPA-5b, -13b and -18b were individually transfected into K562 cells using retroviral vectors. Expression of integrin α2 was confirmed by flow cytometric analysis, immunoprecipitation and western blotting analysis. To verify whether the cell line panel was suitable for clinical diagnosis, we analysed its properties using monoclonal antibody-specific immobilisation of platelet antigens (MAIPA) and well-characterised serum samples. RESULTS: Exogenous integrin α2 expression was observed in the transfected cells for over 6 months. The cell line panel specifically detected previously characterised anti-HPA-5a and anti-HPA-5b antisera. No reactivity was observed with control sera, including normal sera and HLA antisera. DISCUSSION: We successfully established a cell line panel to facilitate the sensitive and reliable detection of anti-HPA-5a and anti-HPA-5b antibodies.

Detection of antibodies in eluates of immunoadsorption causing humoural rejection in patients after solid organ transplantation.

The influence of antibodies (AB) against human leukocyte antigen (HLA) on antibody mediated rejection (AMR) is still discussed controversially. Here we demonstrate to what extent post transplant detected HLA-AB and non-HLA-AB against Angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1 R-AB), endothelin-1 type A receptor (ETA R-AB) and glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa, Ia/IIa, Ib/IX affect the graft outcome. A total of 13 transplant recipients (9 kidneys and 4 hearts) suffering from AMR were analysed. Before immunoadsorption (IA) treatment HLA-AB (CDC) in sera were detected in 27% versus 39% in eluates and 46% versus 87% by using ELISA. We could not find any AB against GP in sera. In eluates, however, we could detect AB against GP: GP IIb/IIIa in 86% of all samples with titres from 1:1 to 1:32, GP Ib/IX (up to 1:32) in 76% and GP Ia/IIa with titres from 1:1 to 1:16 in 82%. Further we detected anti-endothelial cell antibodies (AECA) against receptors AT1 and ETA in sera before IA in 22%, after IA in 10% and in eluates in 42% of all samples. The antibody titres vary from 1:1 to 1:256. Our investigation pointed out, that AMR is still possible without detectable AB in serum and consolidates the hypothesis that clinical relevant non-HLA-AB and HLA-AB are partly fixed on the graft. IA is qualified to detach these fixed AB.

Monoclonal antibodies reveal the alteration of the rhodocetin structure upon α2ß1 integrin binding.

The α2ß1 antagonist rhodocetin from Calloselasma rhodostoma is a heterotetrameric CLRP (C-type lectin-related protein) consisting of four distinct chains, α, ß, γ and δ. Via their characteristic domain-swapping loops, the individual chains form two subunits, αß and γδ. To distinguish the four chains which share similar molecular masses and high sequence homologies, we generated 11 mAbs (monoclonal antibodies) with different epitope specificities. Four groups of distinct mAbs were generated: the first targeted the rhodocetin ß chain, the second group bound to the αß subunit mostly in a conformation-dependent manner, the third group recognized the γδ subunit only when separated from the αß subunit, whereas a fourth group interacted with the γδ subunit both in the heterotetrameric molecule and complexed with the integrin α2 A-domain. Using the specific mAbs, we have shown that the rhodocetin heterotetramer dissociates into the αß and γδ subunit upon binding to the integrin α2 A-domain at both the molecular and cellular levels. After dissociation, the γδ subunit firmly interacts with the α2ß1 integrin, thereby blocking it, whereas the rhodocetin αß subunit is released from the complex. The small molecular interface between the αß and γδ subunits within rhodocetin is mostly mediated by charged residues, which causes the two dissociated subunits to have hydrophilic surfaces.

Selective, α2ß1 integrin-dependent secretion of il-6 by connective tissue mast cells.

Mast cells, critical mediators of inflammation and anaphylaxis, are poised as one of the first lines of defense against external assault. Mast cells release several classes of preformed and de novo synthesized mediators. Cross-linking of the high-affinity FcεRI results in degranulation and the release of preformed, proinflammatory mediators including histamine and serotonin. We previously demonstrated that mast cell activation by Listeria monocytogenes requires the α2ß1 integrin for rapid IL-6 secretion both in vivo and in vitro. However, the mechanism of IL-6 release is unknown. Here, we demonstrate the Listeria- and α2ß1 integrin-mediated mast cell release of preformed IL-6 without the concomitant release of histamine or ß-hexosaminidase. α2ß1 integrin-dependent mast cell activation and IL-6 release is calcium independent. In contrast, IgE cross-linking-mediated degranulation is calcium dependent and does not result in IL-6 release, demonstrating that distinct stimuli result in the release of specific mediator pools. These studies demonstrate that IL-6 is presynthesized and stored in connective tissue mast cells and can be released from mast cells in response to distinct, α2ß1 integrin-dependent stimulation, providing the host with a specific innate immune response without stimulating an allergic reaction.

Collagen IV significantly enhances migration and transplantation of embryonic stem cells: involvement of α2ß1 integrin-mediated actin remodeling.

Embryonic stem (ES) cell transplantation represents a potential means for the treatment of degenerative diseases and injuries. As appropriate distribution of transplanted ES cells in the host tissue is critical for successful transplantation, the exploration of efficient strategies to enhance ES cell migration is warranted. In this study we investigated ES cell migration under the influence of various extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, which have been shown to stimulate cell migration in various cell models with unclear effects on ES cells. Using two mouse ES (mES) cell lines, ESC 26GJ9012-8-2 and ES-D3 GL, to generate embryoid bodies (EBs), we examined the migration of differentiating cells from EBs that were delivered onto culture surfaces coated with or without collagen I, collagen IV, Matrigel, fibronectin, and laminin. Among these ECM proteins, collagen IV exhibited maximal migration enhancing effect. mES cells expressed α2 and ß1 integrin subunits and the migration enhancing effect of collagen IV was prevented by RGD peptides as well as antibodies against α2 and ß1 integrins, indicating that the enhancing effect of collagen IV on cell migration was mediated by α2ß1 integrin. Furthermore, staining of actin cytoskeleton that links to integrins revealed well-developed stress fibers and long filopodia in mES cells cultured on collagen IV, and the actin-disrupting cytochalasin D abolished the collagen IV-enhanced cell migration. In addition, pretreatment of undifferentiated or differentiated mES cells with collagen IV resulted in improved engraftment and growth after transplantation into the subcutaneous tissue of nude mice. Finally, collagen IV pretreatment of osteogenically differentiated mES cells increased osteogenic differentiation-like tissue and decreased undifferentiation-like tissue in the grafts grown after transplantation. Our results demonstrated that collagen IV significantly enhanced the migration of differentiating ES cells through α2ß1 integrin-mediated actin remodeling and could promote ES cell transplantation efficiency, which may be imperative to stem cell therapy.

Alpha2beta1 integrin is the major collagen-binding integrin expressed on human Th17 cells.

Growing evidence indicates that collagen-binding integrins are important costimulatory molecules of effector T cells. In this study, we demonstrate that the major collagen-binding integrin expressed by human Th17 cells is alpha2beta1 (α2ß1) or VLA-2, also known as the receptor for collagen I on T cells. Our results show that human naïve CD4(+) T cells cultured under Th17 polarization conditions preferentially upregulate α2ß1 integrin rather than α1ß1 integrin, which is the receptor for collagen IV on T cells. Double staining analysis for integrin receptors and intracellular IL-17 showed that α2 integrin but not α1 integrin is associated with Th17 cells. Cell adhesion experiments demonstrated that Th17 cells attach to collagen I and collagen II using α2ß1 integrin but did not attach to collagen IV. Functional studies revealed that collagens I and II but not collagen IV costimulate the production of IL-17A, IL-17F and IFN-γ by human Th17 cells activated with anti-CD3. These results identify α2ß1 integrin as the major collagen receptor expressed on human Th17 cells and suggest that it can be an important costimulatory molecule of Th17 cell responses.

C1q induces a rapid up-regulation of P-selectin and modulates collagen- and collagen-related peptide-triggered activation in human platelets.

Blood platelets are emerging as important immunomodulatory cells, but complement interaction with platelets is not well understood. Several platelet structures have been described as complement protein 1q (C1q) binding receptors, such as C1qRp/CD93 and gC1qR. However, there are conflicting results whether these receptors are C1q binding structures, or even at all expressed on the cell surface. Recently, the collagen-binding integrin αIIßI was reported to bind C1q on mast cells, and this receptor is also present on platelets. The aim of this study was to further characterize the effects of C1q on platelets, by quantifying the platelet surface expression of P-selectin (CD62P) and monitoring the formation of platelet-neutrophil aggregates. Using flow cytometry, we found that C1q dose-dependently triggered a rapid but moderate and transient up-regulation of P-selectin already within 5s of C1q exposure. Pre-incubation with an antibody directed against gC1qR significantly inhibited (with 57% compared to control) the up-regulation, whereas an antibody towards the αIIßI-integrin showed no effect. Stimulation with C1q did not change the cytosolic calcium-levels, as measured with the fluorescent ratiometric probe Fura-2, however, a protein kinase C inhibitor (GF109203x) blocked the C1q-induced P-selectin expression. Furthermore, pre-incubation of platelets with C1q diminished both the collagen as well as the collagen-related peptide-induced up-regulation of P-selectin, most evident after 90s of stimulation. This indicates that C1q may regulate platelet activation via the GPVI receptor, which is a novel finding. Moreover, C1q antagonized the collagen-induced formation of platelet-neutrophil aggregates, indicating a reduced interaction between platelet P-selectin and neutrophil P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1(PSGL-1/CD162). In summary, C1q induces a moderate rapid platelet P-selectin expression, modulates subsequent collagen and collagen-related peptide stimulation of platelets, and inhibits the formation of platelet-neutrophil aggregates. These immuno-regulatory effects of C1q may have a crucial role in innate immunity and inflammation.

Induced keratinocyte hyper-proliferation in alpha2beta1 integrin transgenic mice results in systemic immune cell activation.

alpha2beta1 integrins are normally confined to the proliferating basal layers of the epidermis. However, during wound healing and in psoriasis, these integrins are expressed on keratinocytes in suprabasal layers correlating with a less differentiated phenotype. Transgenic mice expressing alpha2beta1 integrins under the involucrine promoter have previously been demonstrated, to various degrees, spontaneously develop a skin disorder resembling psoriasis. Herein, we show that a mild epidermal wounding induces a uniform acanthosis together with an influx of immune cells. The disease initiates as a normal wound healing process and is completely restored in wildtype mice by day 14. However, in the integrin transgenic mice a chronic inflammation develops, a process that can be compared to the Koebner phenomenon in psoriatic patients. In this study, we have followed the integrin transgenic mice for five weeks, where substantial keratinocyte hyper-proliferation, inflammatory infiltration and high cytokine levels within the skin can still be observed. In addition, draining lymph nodes were dramatically increased in size and contained highly activated T cells, as well as APCs secreting large amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, the systemic immune response was affected with increased spleen size, elevated cytokine levels in the serum and altered lymphocyte trafficking patterns, very much resembling what is seen in psoriasis patients. Finally, CD4(+) T cell depletion was not able to affect the onset or progression of skin inflammation. This suggests that altered keratinocyte differentiation and proliferation can drive a skin inflammation and cause chronic immune cell activation both at a local and systemic level.

Coordinated integrin and growth factor regulation of primary keratinocyte migration mediated through extracellular signal regulated kinase and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.

We have examined coordinated integrin and growth factor regulation of primary keratinocyte migration mediated by phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and mitogen-activated extracellular-regulated kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). On collagen I and fibronectin substrates, both epidermal growth factor (EGF) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) stimulated chemokinetic (random) and chemotactic (directional) migration. On provisional matrix, a combination of fibronectin and fibrin found in the early phase of wound healing, EGF and HGF-stimulated significant chemotactic but little or no chemokinetic cell movement. Blocking mAbs to integrin alpha2beta1 and alpha5beta1 effectively inhibited EGF- and HGF-stimulated chemokinetic and chemotactic cell movement on collagen I and fibronectin, respectively; however, HGF-stimulated chemotactic migration on collagen I was only partially inhibited by alpha2beta1 blocking mAb. Differentiated keratinocytes underwent reduced chemokinetic and chemotactic migration compared with undifferentiated keratinocytes; however, EGF-stimulated migration was reduced more than HGF-stimulated migration. When the migratory response on collagen I and fibronectin was assessed in the presence of the MEK-specific inhibitor PD98059, EGF- and HGF-stimulated chemotaxis was significantly reduced, whereas PD98059 had little effect on the stimulated chemokinesis. PI3K-specific inhibitor LY294002 reduced EGF- and HGF-stimulated chemokinesis and chemotaxis on collagen I and fibronectin. Thus beta1 integrins acted in concert with EGF and HGF to regulate migration of primary keratinocytes on extracellular matrix components via PI3K and MEK/ERK.

Autocrine semaphorin3A stimulates alpha2 beta1 integrin expression/function in breast tumor cells.

The axon repulsion factor semaphorin3A (SEMA3A) and its receptor neuropilin-1 (NP-1) are expressed in breast tumor cells, and function as suppressors of tumor cell migration. Based on the knowledge that both SEMA3A and the alpha2beta1 integrin suppress breast tumor cell migration, we studied the impact of SEMA3A signaling on alpha2beta1 integrin expression/function. The incubation of breast tumor cells with SEMA3A increased alpha2 and beta1 integrin levels, and stimulated tumor cell adhesion to the alpha2beta1-binding matrix protein collagen I. Conversely, reducing SEMA3A expression in breast tumor cells decreased alpha2beta1 levels and collagen adhesion. The ability of SEMA3A to increase tumor cell adhesion to collagen was dependent on both the SEMA3A receptor NP-1 and the glycogen synthase kinase-3. The incubation of breast tumor cells with SEMA3A disrupted the actin cytoskeleton, and reduced both tumor cell migratory and invasive behavior. Importantly, using an alpha2beta1-neutralizing antibody, we demonstrated that SEMA3A suppression of tumor cell migration is dependent on alpha2beta1. Our studies indicate that expression of the alpha2beta1 integrin, a suppressor of metastatic breast tumor growth, is stimulated in breast tumor cells by an autocrine SEMA3A pathway.

Integrin alphavbeta3 is not significantly implicated in the anti-migratory effect of anti-angiogenic urokinase kringle domain.

The recombinant kringle domain (UK1) of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) has been shown to possess anti-angiogenic activity in vitro and in vivo. It has also been found to inhibit in vivo malignant glioma growth. In contrast, direct interaction of the kringle domain of uPA and integrin alphavbeta3 has been reported to be involved in plasminogen and leukocyte activation by uPA. Since integrin alphavbeta3 is involved in tumor angiogenesis, we investigated whether integrin alphavbeta3 is involved in the inhibitory function of UK1 in angiogenesis, by examining its anti-migratory activity. In a modified Boyden chamber assay, the Pichia-expressed UK1 dose-dependently inhibited the VEGF-induced migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). However, in the absence of growth factor stimulation, soluble UK1 alone did not induce or inhibit HUVEC migration. In cell adhesion, immobilized UK1 promoted HUVEC adhesion and spreading which were compared to BSA. Pretreatment of the anti-alphavbeta3 integrin antibody, significantly inhibited HUVEC binding to immobilized UK1, whereas neither anti-alpha2beta1 nor anti-alpha5beta1 integrin antibody had any effect, although pre-treatment of the soluble UK1 showed no marked alteration of the binding level of anti-alphavbeta3 antibody to HUVECs in FACS analysis. In a modified Boyden chamber assay, the function blocking antibodies against integrins alphavbeta3, alpha2beta1 and alpha5beta1 did not completely prevent the inhibitory effect of UK1 in HUVEC migration. These results suggest that UK1 interacts with integrin alphavbeta3, but its anti-migratory activity on endothelial cells is not significantly mediated by integrin alphavbeta3.

Collagen receptor integrins: rising to the challenge.

Integrins are alphabeta heterodimeric receptors that connect the extracellular environment with intracellular signaling events. Integrins are important for normal development and function, but are also involved in the pathogenesis of diseases including cancer, autoimmunity and heart disease. We will review the present data on a family of integrins, the collagen receptors that include the alpha1beta1, alpha2beta1, alpha1beta1 and alpha1beta1 integrins. We will describe the knowledge gained from genetic deletion of each integrin in animal models. Mice lacking any single collagen receptor display no overt defect. However, studies using the alpha1beta1 and alpha2beta1 integrin-deficient mice indicate that these receptors play an important role in innate immunity, inflammation and autoimmunity. Finally, we will elucidate the interesting and sometimes overlapping roles for alpha1beta1 and alpha2beta1 integrins in disease and will propose potential stategies to therapeutically target these receptors to alleviate or treat disease.

Modulation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by VLA-2 blockade.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Adhesion molecules play important roles in cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions in inflammation. Blocking the interaction between inflammatory cells and vascular endothelia can prevent cell entry into tissues and harmful inflammatory responses, that is, autoimmunity, but could also limit immunosurveillance by anti-viral T cells in sites of infection or latency. Development of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients treated with antibody against very late antigen (VLA)-4 prompted us to explore an alternative therapeutic approach. We used an antibody against the integrin alpha2, VLA-2, that interacts with ECM, not vascular endothelium. SJL/J mice were sensitized with myelin proteolipid protein (PLP)(139-151) peptide to induce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for MS. Treatment of mice with VLA-2 antibody suppressed clinical signs and CNS inflammation of EAE, when antibody was given immediately after disease onset. In contrast, VLA-4 or VLA-2 antibody treatment of mice during the priming or remission phase of EAE had minor effects on the disease's clinical course. No differences were found in lymphoproliferative responses to PLP(139-151) among treatment groups. Data suggest that blocking cell-ECM interactions can be an alternative therapy for MS.